9+ Best Two-Column Resume Templates & Examples


9+ Best Two-Column Resume Templates & Examples

A two-column structure for a curriculum vitae presents a visually distinct construction, usually separating contact particulars and abstract data from the primary physique {of professional} expertise, expertise, and training. This construction usually makes use of a narrower column on the left or proper for concise highlights, whereas the broader column showcases detailed profession development and achievements. An instance may characteristic a left-hand column with title, contact data, and a quick skilled abstract, juxtaposed with a right-hand column detailing work historical past and expertise.

This format supplies a number of benefits. It permits for environment friendly use of house, enabling a complete presentation of {qualifications} on a single web page or minimizing the size of longer resumes. The clear visible division enhances readability and permits recruiters to rapidly grasp key data. Chronologically, this structure has gained reputation with the rise of digital resume creation and applicant monitoring techniques, because it presents a clear and simply parsed format for each human readers and software program. It serves as a contemporary various to conventional chronological resumes, notably appropriate for professionals with numerous ability units or these in search of roles in visually-oriented fields.

The next sections will delve additional into the sensible points of making and using two-column resume layouts, together with particular design concerns, greatest practices for various profession ranges, and methods for maximizing impression inside this structured format.

1. Visible Steadiness

Visible steadiness in a two-column resume template is essential for creating an expert and simply digestible presentation. It refers back to the distribution of content material and visible weight throughout each columns, stopping one from showing overly dense or sparse in comparison with the opposite. An unbalanced structure can distract recruiters, hindering their capacity to rapidly course of data. For instance, a left column filled with textual content whereas the fitting column options only some bullet factors creates a visually jarring imbalance. This asymmetry can sign a scarcity of consideration to element and detract from the general professionalism of the resume. Conversely, balanced columns create a harmonious move, guiding the reader’s eye easily throughout the web page and enhancing readability.

Attaining visible steadiness requires cautious consideration of content material size, font sizes, and using whitespace. A barely shorter, denser column will be balanced by an extended column containing extra whitespace or visually lighter components like icons. Strategic use of horizontal strains or delicate shading may also contribute to visible equilibrium. Take into account a resume for a undertaking supervisor: The left column may checklist core competencies and make contact with particulars, whereas the fitting column particulars undertaking expertise. Adjusting font sizes for headings and descriptions inside every column, mixed with considerate spacing, ensures neither column overwhelms the opposite, leading to a elegant, skilled look.

Sustaining visible steadiness inside a two-column resume template immediately impacts readability and total impression. A balanced structure communicates professionalism, consideration to element, and respect for the reader’s time. Whereas particular design decisions might differ relying on particular person circumstances and profession fields, the underlying precept stays constant: Visible concord facilitates clear communication and strengthens the candidate’s presentation, rising the chance of a optimistic response from potential employers.

2. Clear Hierarchy

Inside a two-column resume template, a transparent visible hierarchy is crucial for guiding the reader’s eye and making certain fast comprehension of key data. Establishing a well-defined hierarchy permits recruiters to rapidly establish related {qualifications} and expertise, maximizing the resume’s impression. With out a clear construction, even probably the most spectacular credentials will be ignored. This hierarchy is achieved by way of strategic placement of content material, variations in font dimension and weight, and efficient use of whitespace.

  • Part Headings

    Distinct part headings, akin to “Expertise,” “Schooling,” and “Abilities,” act as signposts, delineating totally different classes of knowledge. Utilizing a bigger font dimension or daring typeface for these headings ensures they stand out, permitting recruiters to rapidly navigate the doc. For instance, a bigger, daring “Undertaking Administration Expertise” heading instantly attracts consideration to a candidate’s related expertise in that discipline.

  • Job Titles and Firm Names

    Inside every expertise part, job titles and firm names must be prominently displayed, usually utilizing a barely bigger or bolder font than subsequent particulars. This highlights profession development and the organizations the place expertise was gained. Itemizing “Senior Undertaking Supervisor” at Google in daring instantly establishes credibility and relevance for technology-focused roles.

  • Bullet Factors and Key phrases

    Bullet factors inside every job description present concise summaries of accomplishments and tasks. Utilizing key phrases related to the goal {industry} or function additional enhances visibility inside applicant monitoring techniques and attracts the reader’s consideration to particular expertise. Itemizing quantifiable achievements, like “Elevated gross sales by 15%,” inside bulleted lists demonstrates impression and worth supplied.

  • Visible Cues

    Visible cues, akin to horizontal strains, icons, or delicate shading, can additional improve hierarchy and separate totally different sections or classes of knowledge. Utilizing a horizontal line to divide the talents part from the expertise part supplies a transparent visible break and improves readability. Equally, icons can be utilized to visually signify key expertise or areas of experience.

By implementing these hierarchical components inside a two-column resume template, candidates can successfully manage and prioritize data, making certain their most related {qualifications} are simply accessible to recruiters. This clear presentation improves readability, reduces cognitive load for the reviewer, and in the end will increase the chance of the resume making a optimistic impression.

3. Concise Content material

Inside the constraints of a two-column resume template, concise content material is paramount. Restricted house necessitates cautious choice and presentation of knowledge. Brevity ensures readability and permits recruiters to rapidly grasp key {qualifications} with out feeling overwhelmed. Every phrase should contribute worth, maximizing impression and demonstrating respect for the reader’s time. Verbosity dilutes key messages and dangers burying essential data inside pointless element.

  • Motion Verbs and Quantifiable Achievements

    Robust motion verbs provoke bullet factors, instantly conveying impression and exercise. Quantifiable achievements present concrete proof of expertise and expertise. Moderately than stating “Managed tasks,” a concise entry may learn “Led 5 cross-functional tasks, delivering on time and below finances.” This method demonstrates concrete outcomes and supplies measurable context.

  • Focused Key phrases and Abilities

    Incorporating industry-specific key phrases and expertise aligns the resume with applicant monitoring techniques and hiring supervisor expectations. Generic phrases must be changed with exact language that displays particular experience. For instance, as an alternative of “Proficient in Microsoft Workplace,” a candidate may checklist “Superior expertise in Excel, together with pivot tables and VBA scripting,” demonstrating the next stage of proficiency.

  • Prioritization and Relevance

    Give attention to probably the most related experiences and accomplishments for the goal function. Omit outdated or much less related data to maximise house for impactful content material. A latest graduate making use of for a software program engineering function may prioritize related tasks and technical expertise over intensive descriptions of part-time retail expertise.

  • Elimination of Redundancy

    Repeating data throughout totally different sections wastes helpful house and diminishes impression. Guarantee every part contributes distinctive worth and keep away from restating particulars already coated elsewhere. If expertise inside a particular software program platform is listed below “Abilities,” it does not should be reiterated intimately inside every job description.

By adhering to those rules of conciseness, a two-column resume template can successfully showcase a candidate’s {qualifications} with out sacrificing readability or completeness. This centered method enhances readability, improves applicant monitoring system compatibility, and ensures the resume makes a powerful, optimistic impression on potential employers.

4. Strategic use of whitespace

Strategic use of whitespace is essential for enhancing readability and visible attraction inside a two-column resume template. Whitespace, referring to the empty house between components, acts as visible respiratory room, stopping the structure from showing cluttered or overwhelming. Ample whitespace improves data processing and permits recruiters to rapidly scan and take up key particulars. With out sufficient spacing, a two-column structure can seem cramped and tough to navigate, probably resulting in ignored {qualifications} and a unfavorable impression. Take into account a resume with dense textual content blocks in each columns; it turns into visually tiring and discourages cautious assessment. Conversely, strategically positioned whitespace creates a way of order and professionalism.

Efficient whitespace administration inside a two-column format entails cautious consideration of margins, padding, line spacing, and part breaks. Ample margins body the content material, stopping it from showing squeezed onto the web page. Padding round particular person components, akin to bullet factors or part headings, supplies visible separation and improves readability. Elevated line spacing inside paragraphs enhances readability, whereas clear part breaks delineate totally different classes of knowledge. For instance, incorporating whitespace round a “Abilities” part containing a listing of technical proficiencies separates it visually from the adjoining “Expertise” part, enhancing the general move and group of the resume.

Balancing whitespace with content material density is crucial. An excessive amount of whitespace could make a resume seem sparse or incomplete, whereas too little creates a cluttered, unprofessional impression. The purpose is to attain a visually balanced structure that guides the reader’s eye easily by way of the knowledge. Considerate whitespace administration inside a two-column resume template contributes considerably to readability, professionalism, and total impression. It permits for environment friendly data processing, highlighting key {qualifications} and making certain the resume leaves a optimistic and lasting impression on potential employers.

5. Constant Formatting

Constant formatting is paramount in a two-column resume template. It strengthens the doc’s visible coherence and professionalism. Sustaining uniformity in font kinds, sizes, spacing, and different visible components throughout each columns creates a elegant, easy-to-read doc. Inconsistencies, akin to various font sizes for headings or differing bullet level kinds, disrupt visible move and might sign a scarcity of consideration to element. For instance, utilizing Calibri for part headings within the left column and Instances New Roman for headings in the fitting column creates a disjointed, unprofessional look. Conversely, constant use of a single, skilled font all through the complete doc contributes to a cohesive and polished presentation.

This precept extends to different formatting decisions. Constant spacing between sections, uniform indentation for bullet factors, and standardized capitalization for headings all contribute to a cohesive visible construction. For example, if bullet factors within the left column have a 0.5-inch indent, sustaining the identical indentation in the fitting column ensures visible parallelism. Equally, constant use of boldface for job titles and italics for firm names all through each columns reinforces a transparent visible hierarchy. Such consistency facilitates readability and permits the content material to shine. It demonstrates professionalism and a dedication to clear communication, enhancing the general impression on potential employers.

Constant formatting inside a two-column resume template considerably impacts readability and professionalism. It ensures a cohesive and visually interesting doc, permitting recruiters to deal with {qualifications} relatively than distracting inconsistencies. Adhering to constant formatting rules strengthens the candidate’s presentation, demonstrating consideration to element and professionalism. This meticulous method enhances the general impression of the resume and will increase the chance of a optimistic response from hiring managers.

6. Focused Info Placement

Focused data placement is a essential facet of maximizing the effectiveness of a two-column resume template. This strategic positioning of content material leverages the inherent visible construction of the two-column structure to attract consideration to key {qualifications} and information the reader’s eye. Trigger and impact are immediately linked: considerate placement of knowledge results in improved readability and comprehension, rising the chance of a optimistic impression on potential employers. The left or proper column will be strategically used to showcase particular ability units or profession highlights relying on the goal function. For instance, a candidate making use of for a graphic design place may characteristic a portfolio showcase within the left column, instantly grabbing consideration with visible examples of their work, whereas itemizing related software program proficiencies and work expertise in the fitting column. Conversely, a software program engineer may prioritize technical expertise within the left column, permitting recruiters to rapidly assess core competencies, whereas detailing undertaking expertise in the fitting column. This placement caters to the particular wants and expectations of every occupation.

The sensible significance of focused data placement turns into notably obvious when contemplating the standard scanning patterns of recruiters. Research recommend recruiters usually spend mere seconds reviewing a resume initially. Due to this fact, strategically putting key data inside the prime visible actual property of the two-column structure ensures essential {qualifications} are usually not ignored. Contact particulars, skilled summaries, and core expertise positioned prominently within the left column, as an illustration, capitalize on this preliminary scan. In distinction, extra detailed work historical past and undertaking descriptions, positioned in the fitting column, cater to a deeper dive as soon as preliminary curiosity is captured. This strategic method ensures key data is accessible at each the preliminary scan and the extra detailed assessment levels, maximizing the resume’s impression. Take into account a undertaking supervisor’s resume: putting certifications like PMP or PRINCE2 prominently within the left column instantly alerts related {qualifications} to recruiters in search of skilled professionals. Supporting undertaking particulars and accomplishments are then strategically positioned in the fitting column, providing a deeper dive into the candidate’s expertise.

Focused data placement inside a two-column resume template serves as a essential software for optimizing visible presentation and data supply. By understanding and leveraging the rules of visible hierarchy and reader habits, candidates can successfully information recruiters’ consideration and maximize the impression of their {qualifications}. This strategic method ensures key data isn’t solely current but additionally readily accessible, considerably rising the chance of a optimistic final result within the job utility course of. Efficiently implementing focused data placement can differentiate a candidate from the competitors, making their resume stand out in a crowded discipline.

7. Applicable Font Decisions

Applicable font decisions considerably impression the readability and professionalism of a two-column resume template. Font choice influences visible readability, data hierarchy, and total doc aesthetics. A well-chosen typeface enhances readability, permitting recruiters to rapidly course of data, whereas an unsuitable font can hinder comprehension and create a unfavorable impression. The constrained house of a two-column structure necessitates fonts which can be each legible at smaller sizes and visually interesting. Trigger and impact are immediately associated: applicable font decisions contribute on to an expert and simply digestible resume, rising the chance of a optimistic response from potential employers. For example, utilizing an ornamental or overly stylized font, whereas visually fascinating, can impede readability, notably inside the denser content material areas of a two-column structure. Conversely, clear, skilled fonts akin to Calibri, Arial, or Instances New Roman guarantee readability and keep an expert tone.

Font dimension additionally performs a vital function in readability and establishing visible hierarchy. Part headings profit from barely bigger font sizes to tell apart them from physique textual content, whereas sustaining a constant dimension for physique textual content throughout each columns ensures steadiness and readability. Utilizing excessively small font sizes to cram extra data onto the web page negatively impacts readability, whereas overly massive fonts can seem unprofessional and disrupt visible move. For instance, utilizing a 10-point font for physique textual content and a 12-point font for headings creates a transparent visible distinction with out sacrificing readability. Moreover, font weight, akin to utilizing daring for headings or job titles, additional enhances visible hierarchy and guides the reader’s eye. A resume for a advertising govt may make the most of a barely bolder font for quantifiable achievements inside bullet factors, drawing consideration to key efficiency indicators.

Choosing applicable fonts contributes considerably to the general effectiveness of a two-column resume template. Legibility, visible attraction, and consistency are key concerns. Strategic font decisions improve readability, assist clear data hierarchy, and undertaking professionalism. Failure to think about these components can undermine the resume’s impression, hindering efficient communication of {qualifications}. Prioritizing clear, skilled fonts inside a two-column resume structure immediately contributes to a optimistic and lasting impression on potential employers. This cautious consideration to typography enhances the candidate’s presentation, permitting {qualifications} and expertise to face out. Due to this fact, font choice must be a key consideration within the resume design course of, contributing considerably to an expert and efficient presentation inside the two-column format.

8. Adaptability to totally different codecs

Adaptability to totally different file codecs is a essential consideration for two-column resume templates. The flexibility of the template to keep up its visible integrity and formatting consistency throughout varied file sorts, akin to PDF, Phrase (.doc, .docx), and plain textual content (.txt), immediately impacts its usability and professionalism. This adaptability stems from the various methods by which recruiters and applicant monitoring techniques (ATS) course of resumes. A visually interesting two-column structure rendered ineffective as a consequence of formatting inconsistencies when transformed to a unique file sort can hinder a candidate’s prospects. Trigger and impact are immediately linked: An absence of format adaptability can result in a distorted or unreadable resume, diminishing its impression and probably resulting in rejection. For instance, a two-column resume closely reliant on particular design components in a Phrase doc may lose its supposed construction when transformed to a PDF or parsed by an ATS, probably garbling the content material and obscuring key {qualifications}. Conversely, a well-designed, adaptable template retains its construction and readability throughout totally different codecs, making certain constant presentation whatever the viewing platform.

The sensible significance of this adaptability turns into evident in a number of situations. Recruiters may want to assessment resumes in numerous codecs primarily based on their workflow or software program preferences. Some ATS platforms may require particular file sorts or strip formatting from submitted paperwork, emphasizing the necessity for a template sturdy sufficient to resist such transformations. Take into account a candidate submitting a visually interesting two-column resume in Phrase format. If the ATS converts it to plain textual content, a non-adaptable template might lead to a jumbled, difficult-to-read output. Nonetheless, an adaptable template designed with such conversions in thoughts will retain important formatting and data hierarchy, even in a simplified textual content format. Equally, if a recruiter prefers to print resumes for assessment, sustaining visible integrity and readability in a printed format turns into important. A template that loses its two-column construction when printed turns into much less efficient in conveying the candidate’s {qualifications}.

Due to this fact, designing a two-column resume template with adaptability in thoughts is essential for maximizing its effectiveness. This entails cautious choice of fonts, formatting components, and design decisions that translate properly throughout totally different file sorts and viewing platforms. Prioritizing adaptability safeguards the visible integrity and readability of the resume, making certain constant {and professional} presentation no matter how it’s accessed or processed. This adaptability will increase the chance of the resume making a optimistic impression, enhancing the candidate’s prospects within the job utility course of.

9. Skilled Aesthetic

An expert aesthetic is a essential ingredient of an efficient two-column resume template. It immediately influences how recruiters understand a candidate’s {qualifications} and professionalism. This aesthetic encompasses the general visible attraction and presentation of the doc, extending past mere formatting consistency to embody design decisions that convey competence, consideration to element, and a contemporary sensibility. Trigger and impact are immediately linked: a elegant, skilled aesthetic enhances the resume’s impression, rising the chance of capturing a recruiter’s consideration and producing a optimistic first impression. A visually cluttered or amateurish resume, whatever the high quality of content material, can sign a scarcity of professionalism and reduce the probabilities of additional consideration. For instance, a two-column resume with jarring shade mixtures, extreme ornamental components, or an inconsistent structure can detract from the candidate’s {qualifications}, whereas a clear, balanced design with applicable font decisions and strategic use of whitespace tasks professionalism and competence. A software program engineer’s resume, for instance, may profit from a minimalist design with clear part headings and a deal with technical expertise, conveying a way of precision and experience, whereas a graphic designer’s resume may incorporate extra visible components to showcase creativity and design sensibilities, whereas sustaining a steadiness between visible attraction and readability.

The sensible significance of an expert aesthetic lies in its capacity to speak non-verbal cues a couple of candidate’s suitability for a task. A well-designed resume suggests a person who values consideration to element, possesses robust communication expertise, and understands the significance {of professional} presentation. This implicit communication will be as influential as the express particulars of expertise and {qualifications}. In a aggressive job market, a professionally designed resume can differentiate a candidate from others with related ability units. A visually interesting and well-organized two-column structure demonstrates an understanding of contemporary design rules and a dedication to presenting data successfully. A gross sales skilled, for instance, may use a two-column structure with a powerful emphasis on quantifiable achievements, visually highlighting gross sales progress and goal exceedance, reinforcing their worth proposition to potential employers. Conversely, a tutorial’s resume may emphasize publications and analysis grants in a clear, two-column format, showcasing scholarly accomplishments in a transparent and concise method.

An expert aesthetic inside a two-column resume template serves as a essential software for conveying professionalism and competence. It considerably enhances the resume’s impression and will increase the chance of a optimistic response from recruiters. Understanding the interaction between visible design, data hierarchy, and perceived professionalism permits candidates to leverage the two-column structure successfully, showcasing {qualifications} in a compelling and memorable method. Failing to prioritize an expert aesthetic dangers undermining the resume’s effectiveness, probably overlooking certified candidates. Due to this fact, cultivating a elegant {and professional} visible presentation must be a key consideration within the resume design course of, making certain the doc successfully represents the candidate’s expertise and expertise in a aggressive job market. In the end, an expert aesthetic elevates the complete presentation, speaking a dedication to high quality and professionalism that extends past the content material itself.

Often Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries concerning the efficient use of two-column resume templates.

Query 1: Are two-column resumes applicable for all profession fields?

Whereas appropriate for a lot of professions, notably these emphasizing visible presentation or requiring concise summaries of numerous expertise, two-column layouts is perhaps much less typical for sure tutorial or research-oriented fields the place conventional chronological codecs are most well-liked. Cautious consideration of {industry} norms is really useful.

Query 2: How can one guarantee readability in a two-column resume?

Readability is paramount. Strategic use of whitespace, clear font decisions, concise language, and a well-defined visible hierarchy contribute considerably to a two-column resume’s readability. Prioritizing these components ensures efficient communication of {qualifications}.

Query 3: Do applicant monitoring techniques (ATS) deal with two-column resumes successfully?

Most fashionable ATS platforms can parse two-column resumes successfully, notably these saved in PDF format. Nonetheless, minimizing using advanced design components and making certain clear part headings enhances ATS compatibility.

Query 4: Can a two-column resume successfully current intensive work historical past?

Two-column layouts can accommodate intensive work historical past by way of concise language, focused key phrases, and strategic placement of knowledge. Prioritizing key achievements and quantifiable outcomes inside every function maximizes impression inside the out there house.

Query 5: What are widespread pitfalls to keep away from when utilizing a two-column template?

Overcrowding, inconsistent formatting, poor font decisions, and lack of visible steadiness are widespread pitfalls. Cautious consideration to those design components ensures the two-column structure enhances, relatively than hinders, the presentation of {qualifications}.

Query 6: The place can one discover dependable two-column resume templates?

Respected on-line assets, skilled resume writing providers, and design software program provide varied two-column templates. Rigorously consider template high quality, making certain adaptability to totally different codecs and adherence to skilled design rules.

By addressing these incessantly requested questions, people can acquire a complete understanding of two-column resume templates, maximizing their effectiveness in presenting {qualifications} and making a optimistic impression on potential employers.

The next sections will delve into particular examples and case research demonstrating efficient implementation of those rules.

Suggestions for Efficient Two-Column Resume Layouts

The following tips provide sensible steerage for creating impactful resumes utilizing a two-column construction. Cautious consideration to those suggestions enhances readability, professionalism, and total effectiveness.

Tip 1: Prioritize Visible Steadiness: Distribute content material evenly between columns. Keep away from overly dense or sparse sections. Steadiness text-heavy areas with visible components or elevated whitespace within the opposing column. For example, an in depth work historical past in the fitting column will be balanced by a concise abstract and make contact with data within the left column.

Tip 2: Set up Clear Hierarchy: Use various font sizes and weights to tell apart headings and key data. Prioritize important particulars like contact data, skilled abstract, and core expertise for speedy visibility. Daring headings and barely bigger font sizes for job titles successfully information the reader’s eye.

Tip 3: Embrace Conciseness: Maximize impression inside restricted house by utilizing motion verbs and quantifiable achievements. Remove redundant data and deal with probably the most related {qualifications} for the goal function. Change generic statements with particular examples and data-driven accomplishments.

Tip 4: Make the most of Whitespace Strategically: Ample margins, padding, and line spacing improve readability. Keep away from cluttered layouts by incorporating adequate whitespace between sections and components. Steadiness whitespace with content material density for optimum visible attraction and ease of navigation.

Tip 5: Preserve Formatting Consistency: Guarantee constant font kinds, sizes, and spacing all through each columns. Uniformity in bullet factors, headings, and different visible components tasks professionalism and a spotlight to element. This consistency enhances readability and strengthens the general presentation.

Tip 6: Optimize Info Placement: Strategically place key data primarily based on reader scanning patterns and the goal function. Place essential particulars, like contact data and core expertise, in outstanding positions for speedy visibility. Tailor placement to cater to particular {industry} expectations.

Tip 7: Select Applicable Fonts: Choose skilled, legible fonts appropriate for each digital and print codecs. Guarantee constant font utilization throughout each columns, sustaining applicable sizes for headings and physique textual content. Prioritize readability and readability inside the constraints of a two-column structure.

Tip 8: Guarantee Adaptability Throughout Codecs: Design the template to retain its visible integrity when transformed to totally different file sorts, together with PDF, Phrase, and plain textual content. This adaptability ensures constant presentation throughout varied platforms and applicant monitoring techniques.

By adhering to those suggestions, people can successfully leverage the two-column resume structure to showcase {qualifications}, create a powerful visible impression, and improve their prospects within the job utility course of. These sensible suggestions empower job seekers to create skilled, impactful resumes that seize recruiters’ consideration and successfully talk key {qualifications}.

The next conclusion summarizes the important thing benefits and concerns for using two-column resume templates.

Conclusion

Efficient utilization of two-column resume templates presents distinct benefits in presenting {qualifications} concisely and visually appealingly. Strategic implementation of design rules, together with visible steadiness, clear hierarchy, concise content material, strategic whitespace, constant formatting, focused data placement, applicable font decisions, and format adaptability, maximizes impression and readability. Cultivating an expert aesthetic additional enhances the doc’s effectiveness, conveying competence and a spotlight to element. Cautious consideration of those components ensures the two-column construction amplifies, relatively than detracts from, the presentation {of professional} expertise and expertise.

The 2-column resume template, when thoughtfully crafted, emerges as a robust software for people in search of to tell apart themselves in a aggressive job market. Its capacity to current complete data concisely and visually appealingly positions it as a helpful asset for contemporary job seekers. Profitable implementation hinges on a radical understanding and utility of the rules outlined herein, remodeling the two-column construction right into a car for efficient communication and profession development.